Novel Hydrogen Compounds

Novel Hydrogen Compounds

Atomic hydrogen in fractional quantum energy levels below the traditional "ground" state as atoms ("hydrinos"), ions ("hydrino hydride") and molecules ("dihydrino") form novel compounds which where observed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), extreme ultraviolet spectroscopy, time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOFSIMS), electrospray-ionization-time-of-flight-mass-spectroscopy (ESITOFMS), Mossbauer spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton and ³⁹K nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA). Hydrino formation occurs by the exothermic catalysis of hydrogen atoms with transition catalyst, K⁺ / K⁺ 1.) at the surface of the cathode of a K₂CO₃ electrolytic cell, and 2.) in the gas phase of a gas cell, discharge cell, and a plasma torch cell with volatilized KI. Hydride ions in fractional quantum energy levels &endash;hydrino hydride&endash; are formed by reduction of hydrino atoms. Emission features predicted for hydrino hydride ions are assigned to soft X&emdash;ray, ultraviolet (UV), and visible emissions from the Sun. The new molecular hydrogen species in fractional quantum energy levels &endash;dihydrino molecule&endash; is formed by the reaction of a hydrino atom with a proton or by the decomposition of hydrino hydride. Dihydrino molecules were also observed by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. A m / e = 4 peak corresponding to H₄ ⁺(1 / p) that serves as a signature for the presence of dihydrino molecules and molecular ions was observed by mass spectroscopy. The enthalpy of the decomposition of lower-energy hydrogen to produce dihydrino as one of the products was measured by adiabatic calorimetry.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Novel Hydride Compounds 1 (pdf)

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Hydrinos
1.2 Hydride Ions
1.3 Increased Binding Energy Hydrogen Compounds
1.4 Hydrino Hydride Reactor

2. HYDRIDE ION

2.1 Determination of the Orbitsphere Radius, rn
2.2 Binding Energy
2.3 Hydrino Hydride Ion

3. DIHYDRINO

Novel Hydride Compounds 2 (pdf)

13. EXPERIMENTAL

13.1 Synthesis of Hydrino Hydride Compounds
13.1.1 Electrolytic Cell Hydrino Hydride Reactor
13.1.2 Gas Cell Hydrino Hydride Reactor
13.1.3 Discharge Cell Hydrino Hydride Reactor
13.1.4 Plasma Torch Cell Hydrino Hydride Reactor
13.2 Identification of Hydrinos, Dihydrinos, and Hydrino
     Hydride Ions by XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy)
13.2.1 Experimental Method of Hydrino Atom and
     Dihydrino Molecule Identification by XPS
13.2.2 Results and Discussion
13.2.3 Experimental Method of Hydrino Hydride Ion
     Identification by XPS
13.1.3.1 Carbon Electrode Samples
13.1.3.2 Crystal Samples from an Electrolytic Cell
13.2.4 Results and Discussion
13.3 Identification of the Dihydrino Molecule by Mass Spectroscopy
13.3.1 Sample Collection and Preparation
13.3.1.1 Hollow Cathode Electrolytic Samples
13.3.1.2 Control Hydrogen Sample
13.3.1.3 Electrolytic Gasses from Recombiner
13.3.1.4 Gas Cell Sample
13.3.2 Mass Spectroscopy
13.3.3 Results and Discussion

Novel Hydride Compounds 3 (pdf)

13.4 Identification of Hydrino Hydride Compounds and
     Dihydrino by Gas Chromatography with Calorimetry of
     the Decomposition of Hydrino Hydride Compounds
13.4.1 Gas Chromatography Methods
13.4.1.1 Control Sample
13.4.1.2 Plasma Torch Sample
13.4.1.3 Coated Cathode Sample
13.4.1.4 Gas Discharge Cell Sample
13.4.2 Adiabatic Calorimetry Methods
13.4.3 Enthalpy of the Decomposition Reaction of
     Hydrino Hydride Compounds and Gas
     Chromatography Results and Discussion
13.4.3.1 Enthalpy Measurement Results
13.4.3.2 Gas Chromatography Results
13.4.4 Discussion
13.5 Identification of Hydrino Hydride Compounds by XRD
     (X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy)
13.5.1 Experimental Methods
13.5.1.1 Spillover Catalyst Sample
13.5.1.2 Electrolytic Cell Samples
13.5.1.3 Gas Cell Sample

Results and Discussion

Novel Hydride Compounds 4 (pdf)

13.6 Identification of Hydrino, Hydrino Hydride Compounds,
     and Dihydrino Molecular Ion Formation by Extreme
     Ultraviolet Spectroscopy
13.6.1 Experimental Methods
13.6.2 Results and Discussion
13.7 Identification of Hydrino Hydride Compounds by Time-
     Of-Flight-Secondary-Ion-Mass-Spectroscopy (TOFSIMS)
13.7.1 Sample Collection and Preparation
13.7.2 Time-Of-Flight-Secondary-Ion-Mass-
     Spectroscopy (TOFSIMS)
13.7.3 XPS to Confirm Time-Of-Flight-Secondary-Ion-
     Mass-Spectroscopy (TOFSIMS)

Results and Discussion

Novel Hydride Compounds 5 (pdf)

13.7.4 Results and Discussion (continued)

Novel Hydride Compounds 6 (pdf)

13.8 Identification of Hydrino Hydride Compounds by
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
13.8.1 Sample Collection and Preparation
13.8.2 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
13.8.3 Results and Discussion
13.9 Identification of Hydrino Hydride Compounds by Raman
Spectroscopy
13.9.1 Sample Collection and Preparation
13.9.2 Raman Spectroscopy
13.9.1.1 Nickel Wire Samples
13.9.1.2 Crystal Sample
13.9.3 Results and Discussion
13.10 Identification of Hydrino Hydride Compounds by
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
Spectroscopy
13.10.1 Sample Collection and Preparation
13.10.2 Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
Spectroscopy
13.10.3 Results and Discussion
13.11 Identification of Hydrino Hydride Compounds by
Electrospray-Ionization-Time-Of-Flight-Mass-
Spectroscopy (ESITOFMS)
13.11.1 Sample Collection and Preparation
13.11.2 Electrospray-Ionization-Time-Of-Flight-Mass-
Spectroscopy (ESITOFMS)
13.11.3 Results and Discussion
13.12 Identification of Hydrino Hydride Compounds by
Thermogravimetric Analysis and Differential Thermal
Analysis (TGA/DTA)
13.12.1 Sample Collection and Preparation
13.12.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and
Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA)
13.12.3 Results and Discussion
13.13 Identification of Hydrino Hydride Compounds by ³⁹K
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
13.13.1 Sample Collection and Preparation
13.13.2 ³⁹K Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
Spectroscopy

Results and Discussion

Novel Hydride Compounds Figures Part 1 (pdf)

Novel Hydride Compounds Figures Part 2 (pdf)

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